Abstract :

Literature on Indian Tribes has become so extensive and proliferating that nearly each work related to tribes requires a special prologue. Yet, there is a paucity of new ideas andinsights into the way the tribal India works. In the absence of unified and universal notion of Tribals among the states in India every state has taken to an easy recourse, the uncritical acceptance of an administrative category, the scheduled tribes and sections thereof who are further marginalized within the scheduled tribal categories administratively known as Tribals. While effectiveness measurement of development interventions among the Tribals was studied, although many aspects initiated by respective states administration have been considered, the main focus was emphasized on the following : the state- wise effectiveness of educational interventions, interventions in health frontiers, livelihood interventions, skill development interventions, interventions in capacity building, housing interventions, intervention in infrastructure development and cultural conservation and development interventions. Not all the above mentioned development interventions occurred in all states, however, the housing and infrastructure development interventions are observed in all states with differential achievement. The records available with the state administration in the department of Tribal development were also examined.

Keywords :

1. Introduction

loyment and nation’s economic prosperity. It was 38 presumed that social hierarchy and differentiations will be challenge and transformed but in vain. It was later observed as the traditional society did not have entry to the untouchables the modern industries provided to entry to the poor. The poor tribal families living in forest which is also the citadel of mines and minerals and to face the ugly faces of humanity since industries and big projects wanted them to vacate their habitat. The dynamics of development made the autochthones displaced and then disposed of and the time left them to the wrath of their fat. Tribal areas in our nation have some distinguished features and the tribal communities are animistic. In the process of development, they became subjected to vulnerable in various frontiers. As a part of democratic commitment, the leader, planners and administrators broke their heads to safe guard the interest of the poor and help the tribal to develop through the support of the governments. Many rights protected acts and scheduled enshrined in constitution were enacted through rules and law-making agencies.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The present research tries to understand development projects in terms of effectiveness of intervention as a process that brought the changes in PVTGs life and livelihood. In this study, our intention is to focus more on the outcome of development intervention practices .and document the change on socio-economic frontiers accrued in favor of beneficiaries and impact on their ecology, if any. In this context, Hulme and Turner (1990- 99) argue, „a conscious action needed to bring about the desired transformation‟. It implies that development is the combination of policies, programs and influences empowering people and overcome vulnerability. State uses development intervention as a changing agent to achieve goals for desired transformation.

3 HISTORY OF TRIBALS, SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA

The evolution of low castes to modern-day Scheduled Castes is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities. Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system.

Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950[14] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,[15] respectively. Furthermore, independent India's quest for inclusivity was incident through the appointment of B. R. Ambedkar as the chair of the drafting committee for the Constitution. Ambedkar was a scheduled caste constitutional lawyer, a member of the low caste.

TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2012 – 2017)

The evolution of low castes to modern-day Scheduled Castes is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities. Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system. Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes. The 4 early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu– Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, parts of groups within castes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer". This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces. After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, respectively. Furthermore, independent India's quest for inclusivity was incident through the appointment of B. R. Ambedkar as the chair of the drafting committee for the Constitution. Ambedkar was a scheduled caste constitutional lawyer, a member of the low caste.Thus the gap in literacy levels, both for tribal men and women, has not declined significantly despite the fact that the largest proportion of centrally sponsored programmes for tribal development are related to the single sector of education.The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 States/UTs and the number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705. The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is 10.43 crore, constituting 8.6% of the total population. 89.97% of them live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas. The decadal population growth of the tribal’s from Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire population. The sex ratio for the overall population is 940 females per 1000 males and that of Scheduled Tribes 990 females per thousand males.

INDIA/STATE/UT WISE POPULATION OF TRIBALS BY SEX AND RESIDENCE



LITERACY RATES OFF ALL POPULATION, ST POPULATION AND GAPS


EDUCATIONAL LEVEL – GRADUATE AND ABOVE FOR SCHEDULED TRIBES AGE 15 AND ABOVE


STATUS OF HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE (SCs, PHC & CHCs)


SCHEME – WISE UNION BUDGET ESTIMATES AND REVISED ESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR 2020 – 2021 & EXPENDITURE UP TO 31.12.2020


TRIBES INDIA

The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India, (TRIFED), under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, is engaged in marketing development of tribal products including art and craft items. TRIFED has been marketing tribal products through its own shops called "TRIBES India" and through the outlets of the state emporia on consignment basis.

TRIFED has developed a system of sourcing products of art and craft made by empanelled tribal suppliers. The suppliers comprise of individual tribal artisans, tribal SHGs, Organisations/ Agencies/NGOs working with tribals, who are empanelled as suppliers of TRIFED as per the guidelines for empanelment of suppliers. The products procured by TRIFED are then sold through its marketing platform of "Tribes India".

Tribes India E-Marketplace

Tribes India E-Marketplace is India’s largest handicraft and organic products marketplace. The initiative aims to onboard 5 lakh tribal producers for sourcing of various handicraft, handloom, natural food products across the country and brings to you the best of tribal produce. The suppliers comprise of individual tribal artisans, tribal SHGs, Organisations/ Agencies/ NGOs working with tribals. The platform provides the tribal suppliers with an Omni-channel facility to sell their goods through their own retailers and distributors, TRIFED’s network of Outlets and eCommerce partners as well as their own account in eMarketplace.

Showcasing tribal products (produce and handicrafts) from all over India one place, the Emarketplace is a state-of-the-art e-commerce platform which can be accessed on the web and also mobile (Android and iOS) for both customers and the tribal vendors registered.

e- Commerce platform of Tribes India

Going Digital will lead to expansion of tribal commerce and the availability of tribal products over large area, reaping greater benefits for tribal artisans.

A e-commerce (electronic commerce) website - www.tribesindia.com has hence been made available for sale of all its products.

12 Categories of products sold The categories of tribal products sold in the platform include

• Metal Craft
• Tribal Textiles
• Tribal Jewellery
• Tribal painting
• Cane & Bamboo
• Terracotta & Stone Pottery
• Gift and Novelties
• Organic and Natural Food Products

Services available

• The users can browse through the various categories of products available in the platform.
• The users can buy authentic items online through digital payment methods.
• The purchased items are delivered at your doorstep in a prompt manner

CONCLUSION

The greatest challenge that the Government of India has been facing since independence is the proper provision of social justice to the scheduled tribe people, by ameliorating their socio-economic conditions. Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and denotified tribes constitute the weakest section of India's population, from the ecological, economic and educational angles. They constitute the matrix of India's poverty. Though the tribals are the sons of the same soil and the citizens of the same country, they born and grow as the children of the nature. From the historical point of view, they have been subjected to the worst type of exploitation social. They are practically deprived of many civic facilities and isolated from modern and civilized way of living since so many centuries 13

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